| Sažetak | S ciljem konstrukcije i validacije mjernog instrumenta za procjenu ekstrinzičnih povratnih
informacija te utvrđivanjem relacija antropoloških obilježja s diskretnim i serijskim
motoričkim znanjima iz alpskog skijanja provedeno je istraživanje na uzorku od 105
polaznika prvog i drugog dijela specijalističke edukacije za učitelje skijanja Hrvatskog zbora
učitelja i trenera sportova na snijegu (HZUTS). Ukupni uzorak ispitanika po kriterijima spola
i ranga podijeljen je na četiri subuzorka i to: 16 polaznica (Ž) i 51 polaznik (M) izobrazbe za
učitelja skijanja, 10 kandidatkinja (Ž) i 28 (M) kandidata za pripravnike učitelje skijanja.
Ispitanici su testirani s 9 standardnih morfoloških mjera (za procjenu longitudinalne i
transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta, volumena i masa tijela te potkožnog masnog tkiva); 8
testova za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti (2 testa za procjenu agilnosti, test za procjenu
frekvencije pokreta, test za procjenu eksplozivne snage, 2 testa za procjenu repetitivne i
statičke snage te 2 testa za procjenu ravnoteže); 5 varijabli za procjenu diskretnih motoričkih
znanja alpskog skijanja; 2 varijable za procjenu natjecateljske učinkovitosti te 2 varijable za
procjenu serijskog znanja alpskog skijanja (novokonstruirani poligon). U svrhu analiziranja
osjetljivosti izračunati su deskriptivni statistički parametri dok su normaliteti distribucija
provjereni Kolmogorov – Smirnovljevim testom (KS). Objektivnost sudaca utvrđena je
Cronbach alpha koeficijentom, inter - item korelacijom te interkorelacijama između sudaca
(čestica). Razlike između subuzoraka u primijenjenim varijablama izračunate su analizom
varijance. Sukladno postavljenim ciljevima relacije između prediktorskih skupova varijabli i
kriterija utvrđene su serijom regresijskih analiza.
Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na dobre metrijske karakteristike novokonstruiranog poligona za
procjenu skijaških znanja, a ta spoznaja otvara nove perspektive u unaprjeđenju dokimoloških
zahvata u procesu izobrazbe učitelja skijanja. Razlike u morfološkim obilježjima subuzoraka s
obzirom na skijaški rang nisu utvrđene što znači da muške i ženske populacije kandidata za
učitelje i pripravnika učitelja skijanja posjeduju sličan morfološki sklop. Međutim, utvrđeno
je da pripravnici i pripravnice za učitelja skijanja posjeduju višu razinu motoričkih
sposobnosti od kandidata i kandidatkinja za učitelje, a posebno u mjerama temeljem kojih je
moguće procijeniti kondicijsku pripremljenost što ukazuje na izraženiju kineziološku
angažiranost kandidata za pripravnike što se može dovesti u vezu i s dobi ispitanika. U
prostoru skijaških znanja, odnosno skijaške kvalitete dobile su se oprečne informacije koje su
od iznimnog značaja. Naime, kod muške populacije utvrđena je očekivana superiornost
kandidata za učitelje skijanja u izvedbi skijaških elemenata u odnosu na polaznike
pripravničkog tečaja, što kod ženske populacije nije slučaj. Pripravnice za učitelje skijanja
ostvarile su bolje rezultate u svim testovima, a statistički značajne razlike utvrđene su u
izvedbi izrazito dinamičkih skijaških tehnika koje karakterizira brza promjena pravca
kretanja. Uzrok ove neuobičajene pojave, koja može (i treba) imati reperkusije na proces
selekcije učitelja skijanja, leži u činjenici da polovicu populacije pripravnica učitelja skijanja
čine natjecateljice u alpskom skijanju. Dakle, prethodna natjecateljska angažiranost u skijanju
više je nego dobar prediktor za selekciju kvalitetnih učitelja skijanja. Analizom utjecaja
pojedinih dimenzija antropološkog statusa na kvalitetu izvedbe i rezultatsku učinkovitost
dobivene su također zanimljive informacije koje su uglavnom potvrdile prethodne spoznaje
(uz značajan doprinos produbljivanju istih) ali i dovele do novih informacija. Naime, ponovno
su potvrđene dosadašnje spoznaje koje su pokazale da morfološka građa nema presudan
utjecaj na razinu usvojenosti skijaških znanja učitelja skijanja. Međutim, za razliku od
prethodnih istraživanja, u području motoričkih sposobnosti kod muške populacije utvrđeno je
kako viša razina motoričkih sposobnosti, a posebno kondicijska pripremljenost, ima statistički
značajan utjecaj na kvalitetu izvedbe kompleksnog skijaškog poligona. Analizom utjecaja
diskretnih i serijskih motoričkih znanja na izvedbu poligona utvrđeno je kako se temeljem
razine motoričkih znanja može napraviti sasvim logična predikcija kvalitete izvedbe i
rezultatske učinkovitosti u svladavanju skijaškog poligona kod kandidata za učitelje i
pripravnike učitelja skijanja. Iako to u konačnici nema poseban značaj na ukupnu spoznaju
valja naglasiti da se u ovom slučaju temeljem više razne diskretnih i serijskih motoričkih
znanja kod ženske populacije može napraviti preciznija predikcija brzine izvedbe, a kod
muške populacije kvalitete izvedbe poligona. Razlozi se vjerojatno nalaze u već spomenutoj
domeni natjecateljske skijaške angažiranosti, posebno kandidatkinja za pripravnike učitelja
skijanja. Visoke korelacije između kvalitete izvedbe i rezultatske učinkovitosti pri
svladavanju skijaškog poligona ukazuju na opravdanu primjenu oba sustava procjenjivanja
skijaških znanja učitelja skijanja. Iako je ekspertna procjena motoričkih znanja u pravilu
nezamjenjiva, dobiveni rezultati omogućavaju i drugačiji pristup procjenjivanja kvalitete
učitelja skijanja koji u konačnici egzistira u natjecateljskom dijelu alpskog skijanja. Dakle,
ekonomičnost i egzaktnost testiranja izvedbe poligona vremenskom mjerom, umjesto
procjene sudaca je stvarnost i vjerojatno izgledna budućnost. Međutim, preporuča se odabrati
put «paralelnog» ocjenjivanje što u konačnici može dovesti do stvaranja kvalitetnih
vremenskih normi koje mogu značajno unaprijediti proces selekcije u izobrazbi učitelja
skijanja ali i drugih populacija koje pripadaju obitelji naprednih alpskih skijaša |
| Sažetak (engleski) | A research on a sample of 105 participants of the first and second part of the specialised
training for ski instructors of the Croatian Snow Sport Instructors and Trainers Association
(HZUTS) was conducted with the purpose of constructing and validating a measuring
instrument for the evaluation of extrinsic feedback and determining relations of
anthropological characteristics with discrete and serial motor skills in alpine skiing. The total
sample of subjects according to the criteria of sex and ranking was divided into four
subsamples: 16 female participants and 51 male participants in ski instructor training, 10
female and 28 male candidates for trainee ski instructors. The subjects were tested with 9
standard morphological measures (for the assessment of longitudinal and transversal skeleton
dimensionality, body and subcutaneous fat tissue volume and mass); 8 tests for the assessment
of motor skills (2 tests for the assessment of agility, test for the assessment of movement
frequency, test for the assessment of explosive power, 2 tests for the assessment of repetitive
and static power and 2 tests for the balance assessment); 5 variables for the assessment of
discrete motor skills in alpine skiing; 2 variables for the assessment of competition
performance and 2 variables for the assessment of serial skills in alpine skiing (a newly
constructed training ground). Descriptive statistical parameters were calculated in order to
analyze sensitivity, while the normality of distributions was verified with the Kolmogorov–
Smirnov test (KS). The objectivity of the judges was determined with the help of the
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, inter-item correlation and intercorrelations among the judges
(items). The differences between the subsamples in the applied variables were calculated with
the analysis of variance. In accordance with the set targets of the relation between predictor
variable clusters and criteria were determined in a series of regression analyses.
The obtained results point to good metrical characteristics of the newly constructed training
ground for the assessment of skiing skills, and this finding opens up new perspectives for the
upgrade of docimological practices in the process of ski instructors training. The differences
in morphological characteristics of subsamples given the skiing ranking were not found,
which means that male and female populations of candidates for instructors and trainee ski
instructors have a similar morphological frame. However, it was found that male and female
trainee ski instructors have a higher level of motor skills than male and female candidates for
instructors, especially in measurements based on which it is possible to assess physical
fitness. This points to a more pronounced kinesiological engagement of trainee candidates
which may be related to the subjects’ age as well. Contrary information of great significance
was obtained with regard to skiing skills, i.e. skiing quality. Namely, in male population,
expected superiority of ski instructor candidates as opposed to participants in the trainee
training was discovered in the performance of skiing elements, but that was not the case in the
female population. Female trainee ski instructors achieved better results in all tests, and
statistically significant differences were found in the performance of distinctively dynamic
skiing techniques which are characterised by a fast change in movement direction. The cause
of this unusual occurrence, which may (and should) have repercussions on the process of ski
instructors selection, is the fact that half of the female trainee ski instructors are alpine skiing
competitors. Therefore, former skiing competition experience is more than a good predictor
for the selection of high-quality ski instructors. By analysing the effect of individual
dimensions of anthropological status on performance quality and result efficiency interesting
information were obtained and they mostly confirmed previous findings (along with a
significant contribution to their expansion), but some new information was also found.
Namely, former findings showing that morphological build does not have a crucial influence
on the skiing knowledge level of ski instructors were confirmed again. However, as opposed
to previous research, in the area of motor skills in male population it was found that a higher
level of motor skills, and especially physical fitness, has a statistically significant influence on
the quality of performance in the complex ski training ground. Analysing the effect of discrete
and serial motor skills on performance in the training ground showed that based on the motor
skills level a completely logical prediction of performance quality and result efficiency in
mastering the skiing training ground for instructor candidates and trainee ski instructors can
be made. Although in the end it does not have a special significance for the overall findings, it
must be emphasized that in this case, based on a higher level of discrete and serial motor
skills in female population, a more precise prediction of performance speed and in male
population of the training ground performance quality can be carried out. The reasons can
probably be found in the already mentioned fact of skiing competition experience, especially
of the female candidates for trainee ski instructors. High correlations between the
performance quality and result efficiency in mastering the skiing training ground point to a
justified application of both systems for assessing skiing skills in ski instructors. Even though
the expert assessment of motor skills is in general irreplaceable, obtained results also enable a
different approach to assessment of ski instructors’ quality, which in the end exists in the
competitive alpine skiing. Therefore, the cost-effectiveness and precision of testing the
training ground performance with a temporal measure instead of judge assessment is reality
and probably a promising future. However, it is recommended to select the “parallel”
evaluation, which may in the end lead to creating high-quality time standards that can
significantly improve the selection process in the education of ski instructors, but also in other
populations belonging to the family of advanced alpine skiers. |
