The spinal cord is a pillar of tissue located within the spinal canal which connected with the brain forms the central nervous system. A seemingly simple form of long cylindrical formation which ranges from the level of the large skull opening to the level of the second lumbar vertebra and contained of the inner material divided into the gray and white matter as well as the brain (although differently distributed), it has a very complex structure and function. The spinal cord connects the central nervous system, more precisely the brain with the peripheral nerve system formed of nerves. Nerves receive sensory stimuli, information from the environment, and send them to the appropriate center of the brain where this information is being processed and given back as the motor response. Such stimuli may be unconscious, fast, but purposeful because they create a body-shielding (reflex) reaction. That main transporter is a spinal cord, divided into 31 pairs of spinal nerves controlling the different parts of the body. The problem arises if the disease involves in a certain part of the spinal cord that is essential for normal and functional performance of daily activities or by its injury or damage. Some illnesses and injuries can cause severe permanent neurological disability. Some disabilities can be avoided or minimized by rapid diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to inform the reader about the structure and function of the spinal cord for a complete understanding of its correct patterns, treatment and rehabilitation of a series of diseases and injuries.