Title Incidencija, faktori rizika i protektivni faktori ozljeđivanja kod nogometnih sudaca : doktorska disertacija
Author Goran Gabrilo
Mentor Ljerka Ostojić (mentor)
Committee member Damir Sekulić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Igor Jukić (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Slavko Trninić (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Jadranka Tocilj (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Marko Erceg (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Split Faculty of Kinesiology Split
Defense date and country 2012-03-29, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline SOCIAL SCIENCES Kinesiology Sports Kinesiology
Universal decimal classification (UDC ) 796/799 - Sport
Thesaurus (NSK Kontrolirani rječnik)
Nogometni suci
Ozljede
Abstract Ozljeđivanje nogometnih sudaca je polje koje je slabo istraživano. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi i
obrazložiti razinu i karakterističnost ozljeda i mišično-koštanih tegoba među hrvatskim
nogometnim sucima različitih nivoa natjecanja, te odrediti faktore rizika i protektivne
faktore ozljeđivanja kod hrvatskih sudaca. Metode rada: Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 342
nogometna suca (svi muškarci, dob AS 32.9 ± 5.02god) od čega: glavni suci (MR; N=159; dob
AS 31.4±4.9god) i pomoćni suci (AR; N=183; dob AS 34.1±5.1god) podijeljeni na:
međunarodne (Union of European Football Associations-UEFA) suce (N=18; 6 MR; 12 AR);
1st (N=79; 32 MR; 47 AR), 2nd (N=90; 45 MR; 45 AR); or 3rd national level referees (N=155; 76
MR; 79 AR). Retrospektivna studija provedena je primjenom upitnika kojem je u prvoj fazi
istraživanja provjerena pouzdanost, test-retest metodom. Upitnik je omogućio uvid u skup
morfoloških varijabli, varijabli vezanih za suđenje i treninge, te varijabli ozljeda i koštano-
mišićnih tegoba i drugih medicinskih pitanja. Rezultati: 29% MR i 30% AR zadobili su ozljedu
kroz posljednjih 12 mjeseci, dok je 13% MR i 19% AR ozljedu zadobilo na sudačkim
testiranjima. Učestalost ozljeda raste, kako raste rang natjecanja (suđenja), dok su UEFA suci
najmanje ozljeđivani. Lokalitet ozljeda vezanje za gornji dio natkoljenice kada su sudačke
norme u pitanju, a donji dio natkoljenice i gležanjsu najučestalije ozljeđivani tijekom suđenja
utakmica. MR kao tegobu, učestalije su prijavljivali gležanj, dok su AR prijavljivali bol donjeg
dijela natkoljenice i donjeg dijela leđa kao najučestalije tegobe. Učestalost ozljeđivanja je
podjednaka za oba subuzorka, 5.29 MR i 4.58 AR po 1000 sati suđenja. Tip ozljede koju su
najučestalijezadobivali tijekom utakmica su istegnuće mišića (43% od ukupnog ozljeđivanja),
zatim uganuće (10%), te ruptura mišića, ozljeda ligamenta i meniska (8-9%). Tijekom
sudačkih testiranja najzastupljeniji tip ozljede je istegnuće mišića/tetive (64% ukupnog
ozljeđivanja tijekom normi). Ozljede koje su nastupile u posljednjem susretu su u 39%
slučajeva ponovljene ozljede, dok se to kod ozljeda pretrpljenih u posljednjih 12 mjeseci
događa u 33% slučajeva, a svaka četvrta ozljeda na normama je recidiv (23%). Hrvatski
nogometni suci posljedice ozljede u prosjeku osjećaju od 43.07 dana do 50.81, bez treninga
su prosječno od 28.75 do 38.70 dana, te u konačnici bez utakmica su u prosjeku od 43.77 do
67.72 dana.Podjednak broj sudaca konzumira (n=165) i ne konzumira (n=169) prehrambenu
suplementaciju, a značajnih razlika u incidenciji ozljeđivanja nogometnih sudaca ovisno o
korištenju prehrambenih suplemenata ima u varijabli ozljede i tegobe tijekom karijere gdje
će korištenje prehrambenih suplemenata smanjiti incidenciju ozljeđivanja. Također, vidljiva
je povezanost veće konzumacije alkohola s većim brojem ozljeda. Suđenje samih utakmica
pokazalo je relativno nisku stopu ozljeđivanja, za razliku od sudačkih testiranja, koja se
pokazuju kao faktor rizika ozljeđivanja hrvatskih nogometnih sudaca. Posebnu pažnju bi
trebalo obratiti na ozljeđivanje donjeg dijela natkoljenice tijekom utakmica, te gornjeg dijela
natkoljenice za vrijeme testiranja nogometnih sudaca. Bolja fizička pripremljenost je
prepoznata kao protektivni faktor ozljeđivanja hrvatskih nogometnih sudaca. Buduće studije
bi trebale istražiti specifične prediktore ozljeđivanja nogometnih sudaca.
Abstract (english) Injury among soccer referees is rarely studied, especially with regard to differences in the
quality level of the refereeing. Additionally, we have found no study that has reported injury
occurrence during official physical fitness testing for soccer referees. The aim of this study
was to investigate the frequency, type and consequencesof match-related and fitnesstesting related injuries among soccer referees of different competitive levels. Methods. We
studied 342 soccer referees (all males; mean age 32.9 ± 5.02years). The study was
retrospective, and a self-administered questionnaire was used. In the first phase of the
study, the questionnaire was tested for its reliability and applicability. The questionnaire
included morphological/anthropometric data, refereeing variables, and musculoskeletal
disorders together with the consequences. Results: The sample comprised 159 main
referees (MR; mean age 31.4±4.9years) and 183 assistant referees (AR; mean age
34.1±5.1years) divided into: international level (Union of European Football Associations-
UEFA) referees (N=18; 6 MRs; 12 ARs); 1st (N=78; 31 MRs; 47 ARs), 2nd (N=91; 45 MRs; 46
ARs); or 3rd national level referees (N=155; 75 MRs; 80 ARs). In total, 29% of the MRs and
30% of the ARs had experienced an injury during the previous year, while 13% of the MRs,
and 19% of the ARs suffered from an injury that occurred during fitness-testing. There was
an obvious increase in injury severity as the refereeing advanced at the national level, but
the UEFA referees were the least injured of all referees. The results showed a relatively high
prevalence of injuries to the upper leg (i.e., quadriceps and hamstrings) during physical
fitness-testing for all but the UEFA referees. During game refereeing, the ankles and lower
legs were the most commonly injured regions. The MRs primarily injured their ankles. The
ARs experienced lower leg and lower back disorders. However, the overall injury rate was
equal for both groups, with 5.29 and 4.58 injuries per 1000hours of refereeing for MRs and
ARs, respectively. Most common type of injuries during match were muscle strains (43%),
calf sprains (10%), muscle ruptures and meniscus lesions (8-9%), while muscle strains was
most common injury type during fitness-testing (64%). Injuries which occurred during last
match were previously reported (39% of injuries), while 33% previously reported injuries
occurred over last 12 month. During fitness-testing almost one-quarter of injuries were
previously reported (23%). Referees felt negative consequences of injuries in average 43.07-
50.81. They were out of training in average 28.75-38.7 days, and not refereeing in average
43.77-67.72 days.
Conclusion: In addition to the reported risk of injury during soccer games, physical fitness
testing should be classified as a risk for injury among soccer referees. Special attention
should be given to (I) lower leg injuries during games and (II) upper leg injuries during
physical fitness tests. A higher physical fitness level and a qualitative approach to training
are recognized as protective factors against injury. Subsequent studies should investigate
the specific predictors of injuries among referees.
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:221:508786
Promotion 2020
Study programme Title: University postgraduate doctoral study of Kinesiology Study programme type: university Study level: postgraduate Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica znanosti, područje društvenih znanosti, polje kineziologija (doktor/doktorica znanosti, područje društvenih znanosti, polje kineziologija)
Type of resource Text
Extent 163 str.
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Open access
Terms of use
Created on 2017-05-15 12:13:55