| Abstract | Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj kinematičkih parametara na rezultatsku uspješnost kod kadeta oba spola u disciplini 60 m prepone.Temeljem glavnog cilja ovog istraživanja definirani su i parcijalni ciljevi:a)utvrditi razlike u kinematičkim parametrima između kadetkinja i kadeta b) utvrditi razlike u rezultatskoj uspješnosti između kadetkinja i kadeta. Uzorak ispitanika za ovo istraživanje predstavljala je populacija atletičara oba spola u kategoriji kadeta (mlađi kadeti i kadetkinje od 11 do 12 godina te stariji kadeti i kadetkinje od 13 do 14 godina) koji su natjecatelji u disciplinama preponskog trčanja. Za potrebu ovog istraživanja izmjereno je ukupno 5 mlađih kadeta, 10 mlađih kadetkinja te 9 starijih kadeta i 6 starijih kadetkinja. Svi ispitanici trčali su dva puta utrku 60 metara prepone u istim uvjetima. Svaki pokušaj tretirao se kao entitet. Svi ispitanici bili su aktivni natjecatelji u disciplini 60 metara prepone. Uzorak jepodijeljen na varijable za utvrđivanjekinematičkih parametara preponskog trčanja, specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i morfoloških karakteristika. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja koristilo se12kinematičkih parametara koji direktno opisuju strukturu kretanja(prije, iznad i nakon prepone) u disciplinama preponskih trčanja. Set kinematičkih varijabli za procjenu trčanja između prepona bio je podijeljen u nekoliko kategorija: trčanje od starta do prve prepone kao i između prepona (vrijeme, dužina i broj koraka),trajanje kontakta koraka od starta do prve prepone te između svih pet prepona,trajanje leta svakog koraka pri trčanju od starta do prve prepone te između svih pet prepona, frekvencija koraka pri trčanju od starta do prve prepone te između svih pet prepona. Za motoričke sposobnosti koristio se skup od 5 specifičnih atletskih testova i to onih koji su pokazatelji odrazne snage nogu horizontalnog smjera. Za procjenu morfoloških karakteristika koristile su se 4 mjere. Pri mjerenju se koristio optički sustav mjerenja Optojump za određivanje kinematičkih parametara u trčanjima i skokovima. Koristile su se Canonove kamere karakteristika SVHS 50Hz, postavljene na svakoj preponi te na startnom bloku, kao i na dionici od pete prepone do ciljne ravnine. Udaljenost kamera od prepona iznosila je 5,00 m,a postavljene su na stativu visine 1,20 metara.Sva mjerenja praćenasu pomoću računalne tehnike i softvera koji su bilježili navedena mjerenja. Po završetku mjerenja napravila se 2D analiza pomoću softvera za analizu kretanja KINOVEA. Za obradu prikupljenih podataka korišten je programski paket Statisticaver. 12. (StatSoft, Inc., TULSA, USA). U skladu s ciljevima ovog istraživanja koristile su se sljedeće metode:za sve varijable motoričkih sposobnosti, morfoloških karakteristika i kinematičkih parametara izračunali su se osnovni deskriptivni parametri; za utvrđivanje utjecaja između kinematičkih parametara (koji su predstavljali prediktorski skup varijabli) na rezultatu trčanja na 60 metara prepone (kriterijska varijabla) koristila se multipla regresijska analiza. Za utvrđivanje razlika između kadetkinja i kadetau kinematičkim parametrima i rezultatskoj uspješnosti u trčanju na 60 metara prepone koristila se univarijantna analiza varijance (ANOVA). Razina statističke značajnosti postavila se na razinu p< 0,05. Shodno metodološkoj orijentaciji i postupku potvrđene su tri postavljene hipoteze istraživanja. Iz prediktorskog skupa kinematičkih varijabli statistički značajnim su se ovisno o kategoriji i spolu izdvojili različiti kinematički parametri koji su imali utjecaj na rezultat u trčanju na 60 metara prepone (kriterij) kod ispitanika. Kod kadetkinja statistički značajnim se pokazala udaljenost zamašne noge od prepone, horizontalna brzina te u manjoj mjeri kut zamašne noge u koljenu, dok se kod kadeta izdvojilavarijabla visina centra mase tijela prije prepone. Analiza varijance pokazalaje da postoje statistički značajne razlike između mlađih kadeta i kadetkinja. Mlađi kadeti imali su bolje vrijeme u kriterijskoj varijabli te su i na varijablama vremena iznad prepona također imali statistički bolje rezultate. |
| Abstract (english) | The main objective of the study was to determine the impact of kinematic parameters on the results of male and female cadets in 60 meters hurdles races. Based on the main objective, the study also defined additional partial objectives, which were to (a) determine the differences in kinematic parameters between male and female cadets and b) determine the differences in results between male and female cadets. The study sample comprised a group of athletes, competitors of both sexes in the cadet category (younger male and female cadets 11–12 years of age, and older male and female cadets, 13–14) in hurdles races. For the purposes of the research, a total of 5 young male cadets, 10 young female cadets, 9 older male, and 6 older female cadets were selected. All the respondents ran the 60 meters hurdles race twice, under the same conditions. Each attempt was treated as a separate entity and all respondents had been actively competing in the 60 meters hurdles race. The variable sample was divided into the variables used to determine kinematic parameters of hurdles races, specific motoric abilities, and morphological characteristics. The study used 12 kinematic parameters that directly describe the structure of the movement (before, above, after hurdles) in hurdles races. The set of kinematic variables for estimating the running between hurdles was divided into several categories: running from the starting line to the first hurdle, running and between hurdles (time, length, number of steps), the duration of the step contact from the starting line to the first hurdle and between all five hurdles, the running variables of the duration of each leap from the starting line to the first hurdle and between all five hurdles, and the running variables of the frequency of steps from the starting line to the first hurdle and between all five hurdles. To assess motoric skills, a group of 5 specific athletes’ tests were used which indicated the horizontal jump power. To analyse the morphological characteristics, 4 measurements were used.Optojump, an optical measurement system was used to determine the kinematic parameters of running and jumping. Canon SVHS 50 Hz cameras were mounted on each hurdle, as well as on the starting blocks, and along the section from the fifth hurdle up to the finish line. The distance between the camera and the hurdles was 5 meters and they were mounted on a 1,20-meter camera stand. All measurements were recorded and monitored using computer software. After the measurements were completed, a 2D analysis was made using KINOVEA, a software for movement analysis. The data was processed using Statistica version 12 (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, the USA). In accordance with the objectives of this research, the following methods were used: for all the variables of motoric abilities, morphological characteristics and kinematic parameters, basic descriptive parameters were calculated. To determine the impact of the kinematic parameters (which represented the cluster of antecedent variables) on the results of 60 meters hurdles races (criterion variable) multiple regression analysis was used. To determine the differences between male and female cadets in kinematic parameters and results of the 60 meters hurdles race, the univariate variance analysis was used (ANOVA). The level of statistical significance was p < 0.05. Based on the methodological direction and procedure, three proposed hypotheses were confirmed. The various kinematic parameters from the cluster of antecedent variables turned out to be statistically more significant, impacting the results of a 60 meters hurdles race, depending on the category and sex. For female cadets, the statistically more significant variable was the distance of the swinging leg from the hurdle, the horizontal speed, and to a lesser extent, the angle between the leg and the knee during swinging. For male cadets, however, the most significant was the variable of the height between the centre of the body mass before the hurdle. The variance analysis showed that there are statistically substantial differences between younger male and female cadets. The younger male cadets had a better time in the criterion variable and they also scored statistically better on the time above the hurdles variable. |
